'     ^  3  ''^b  sot  B 


PAMPHLETS  AND  MINOR 
LIBRARY  MATERIAL 


^ 


CLIPPINGS,  BROADSIDES,  PRINTS,  PICTURES, 
MUSIC,  BOOKPLATES,  MAPS 


PREPRINT  OP 

MANUAL  OF  LIBRARY  ECONOMY 

CHAPTER  XXV 


3[merican  Itbraip  asfliociatten  |{Jttblt«l)tn8:  iSoarH 

CHICAGO 


A.L.A.  MANUAL  OF  LIBRARY  ECONOMY 


Types  of 
Libraries 

L 

IL 

IIL 

IV. 

V. 

VI. 

VII. 

VIII. 


Chapters  and  Authors  l  t  B  r, »  h'? 

"American  Library  History,"  Mr.  Bolton.    Prmted. 
"Library  of  Congress,"  Mb.  Bishop.    Prmted. 
"The  State  Library,"  Mr.  Wyer,    Printed. 
"The  College  and  University  Library,"   Mr.  Wybr. 

Printed. 
"Proprietary  and  Subscription  Libraries,"  Mb.  Bolton. 

Printed. 
"The  Free  Public  Library,"  Miss  Lord.    Printed. 
"The  High-School  Library,"  Mr.  Ward.    Printed. 
"Special  Libraries,"  Mr.  Johnston.    Printed. 


Orgsnlzatlon 

and  Administration 

IX. 

X. 

XI. 


"Library  Legislation,"  Mr.  Yust.    Printed. 
"Library  Architecture,"  Mr.  Eastman.    Printed. 
"Furniture,  Fixtures,  and  Equipment,"  Miss  Eastma;.. 
Printed. 
XII.    "Administration,"  Dr.  Bostwick.    Printed. 

XIII.  "Training  for  Librarianship,"  Miss  Plummbr.    Printed. 

XIV.  "Library  Service,"  Dr.  Hill.    Prmted. 

XV.    "Branch  Libraries  and  Other  Distributing  Agenciep, 

Miss  Eastman.    Prmted. 
XVI.    "Book  Selection,"  Miss  Bascom.    Printed. 
XVII.    "Order   and  Accession   Department,"   Mr.   Hoppik 
Printed. 

XVIII.  "Classification,"  Miss  Bacon.    Printed. 

XIX.  "Catalog."    Miss  Hiss.    In  preparation. 

XX.  "Shelf  Department,"  Miss  Rathbone.    Printed. 

XXL  "Loan  Work,"  Mr.  Vrrz.    Prmted. 

XXII.  "Reference  Department,"  Dr.  Rich-vrdson.    Printed. 

XXIII.  "Government  Documents,"  Mr.  Wyer.    Printed. 

XXIV.  "Bibliography,"  Miss  Mudge.    Prmted. 

XXV.    "Pamphlets,  Clippmgs,  Maps,  Music,  Prints."    Print   1 
XXVI.    "Bookbmding,"  Mr.  Bailey.    Printed. 

Special  Forms 
of  Worl£ 

XXVII.  "Library  Commissions  and  State  Library  Extension,  or 

State  Aid  and  State  Agencies,"  Mr.  Wynkoop. 
Printed. 

XXVIII.  "The  PubUc  Library  and  the  Public  Schools,"  Mr. 

Kerr.     In  preparation, 
XXIX.    "Library  Work  with  Children,"  Miss  Olcott.    Printed . 
XXX.    "Library  Work  with  the. Blind,"  Miss  Chamberlain, 

P'rliitod.       '.  •  .  ; .','  •    - 
XXXI.    "Museums,  Lectures,'  Art'  Galleries,  and  Libraries," 

.".  Ma;'RA'».  .IS'bw  ifi  hAndV. 
XXXII.    "Library  Priiitiiig,'!' Mr.  Wai/tbb.    Printed. 


XXV 

PAMPHLETS  AND  MINOR  LIBRARY  MATERIAL 

There  are  many  things  beside  books  which  libraries  properly 
may  collect,  though  there  certainly  are  things  collected  by  some 
libraries  which  seem  quite  outside  their  warrantable  field  and 
far  more  appropriate  in  museums.  In  a  broad  way  may  it 
not  be  said  that  all  products  of  the  book  arts,  that  is,  of  writing, 
printing,  binding,  and  illustration,  may  be  considered  as  proper 
components  of  a  library?  With  this  definition  in  mind  the 
library  may  collect  in  addition  to  printed  and  bound  books 
(i)  manuscripts,  (2)  pamphlets,  (3)  broadsides,  (4)  clippings,  (5) 
maps  and  plans,  (6)  music,  (7)  prints,  (8)  photographs  and  pic- 
tures, (9)  bookplates ;  to  which  some  libraries  have  added  lantern 
slides,  victrola  records,  moving-picture  films,  phonograph 
records,  and  perhaps  other  classes  of  material  unknown  to  the 
writer.  This  chapter  will  consider  as  proper  library  material 
all  of  the  first  nine  named  above  except  manuscripts,  and  will 
try  to  indicate  some  of  the  ways  in  which  these  different  classes 
of  material  may  be  organized  for  use,  or,  failing  of  independent 
treatment,  to  cite  the  chief  contributions  of  others  in  the 
appended  bibliography. 

Manuscripts  will  be  omitted  as  they  relate  to  the  large 
field  of  archives,  the  organization  and  administration  of  which 
is  a  separate  science.  Manuscripts  and  archives  are  often,  and 
appropriately,  in  the  custody  of  libraries,  but  their  care  and 
use  are  so  unique  that  they  can  scarcely  be  considered  in  this 
chapter.  In  recent  years  the  terms  archival  science,  docu- 
mentation, archivist,  have  grown  up  as  part  of  the  nomen- 
clature of  this  separate  science.  The  Library  of  Congress 
issued  in  19 13  Notes  on  the  care,  cataloguing,  calendaring,  and 
arranging  oj  manuscripts,  by  J.  C.  Fitzpatrick,  and  there  are 
other  guides  still  more  detailed. 


3fM16? 


2  - '    •  '  "MA'N'TJAL"  OF -LIBRARY  ECONOMY 

Nothing  so  straitly  challenges  Mr.  C.  A.  Cutter's  definition 
of  the  functions  of  a  library — "to  get,  to  keep  and  to  use" — 
as  a  consideration  of  the  best  treatment  for  pamphlets.  Most 
libraries,  indeed,  if  their  librarians  be  wise,  will  not  keep  even 
all  the  bound  books  which  come  to  them,  but  the  enormity  of 
rejecting  unsuitable  gifts  seems  less  with  pamphlets  and  minor 
material.  Only  the  very  largest  libraries,  not  a  dozen  in  this 
country,  will  "get"  everything  they  can;  still  fewer  will  mean 
to  "keep"  (in  the  permanent  sense)  everything  they  get. 
The  "keeping"  will  be  modified  consciously  or  unconsciously 
by  such  reservations  as  "till  worn  out"  or  "as  long  as  useful" 
or  "till  later  or  better  material  appears."  The  same  con- 
siderations give  serious  pause  to  the  librarian  who  would 
observe  the  thoroughly  valid  counsel  of  perfection  "bind 
everything  you  keep,"  which  in  these  days  is  more  likely  to  be 
amended  to  read  "bind  everything  you  are  sure  will  be  kept 
permanently." 

Despite  these  revisions  of  Mr.  Cutter's  terse  program  the 
ideal  ultimate  form  for  all  printed  library  material  is  the  bound 
book.  No  pamphlet  while  unbound  ever  gets  the  same  respect 
and  consideration  from  staff  or  students  as  when  bound,  nor 
is  it  so  well  protected  against  dust,  loss,  and  injury.  The  ideal 
treatment  of  pamphlets  would  bind  and  fully  catalog  each  one 
separately.  The  moment  they  are  grouped  in  volumes  some- 
thing is  conceded  to  the  ideal,  for  there  is  a  loss  in  effective, 
separate  classification  and  shelving.  The  same  is  true  of  music, 
broadsides,  clippings.  The  utmost  safety  would  seem  to  result 
from  making  them  up  in  bound  volumes,  yet  they  are  more 
easily  and  effectively  used  when  left  unbound  and  every  library 
will  find  current  use  for  a  large  number  of  pamphlets,  clippings, 
broadsides,  pictures,  etc.,  which  are  of  so  ephemeral  a  value 
that  it  does  not  seem  worth  while  to  consider  permanent 
preservation.  The  few  great  reservoir  libraries  will  save 
everything  in  permanent  form,  but  many  small  and  some  larger 


PAMPHLETS  AND  MINOR  LIBRARY  MATERIAL        3 

libraries  will  expect  to  wear  out  in  immediate  use,  or  to  throw 
away  if  not  worn  out  when  the  keen  "first  use"  is  over,  the 
greater  number  of  separate  pamphlets,  i.e.,  those  which  do  not 
form  parts  of  serials.  Many  libraries  recognize  this  in  the  use 
of  the  vertical  file  for  pamphlets  and  clippings.  Earlier  devices 
for  holding  unbound  material  are  envelopes,  manila  folders, 
filing  boxes,  pamphlet  cases,  and  strawboard  or  pulpboard 
covers,  all  designed  for  the  temporary  accommodation  of 
material  of  this  sort,  which  has  not  proved  its  permanent  worth 
or  which  the  library  is  not  yet  ready  to  bind. 

The  feature  of  chief  significance  about  pamphlets  and  minor 
printed  material  is  its  enormous  increase  in  quantity  and  in 
reference  value  within  twenty  or  twenty-five  years.  It  has 
lately  been  said  (E.  E.  Slosson,  New  York  Libraries,  November, 
1 91 5),  "The  least  valued  volumes  in  the  library  are  those  with 
the  finest  bindings.  The  most  valued  are  those  with  no  bind- 
ings at  all.  The  efficiency  of  a  library  is  in  proportion  to  the 
amount  of  unbound  literature  it  contains."  This  makes  the 
effective  handling  of  pamphlets  a  bigger  and  more  important 
library  problem  than  ever  before  and  increases  opportunities 
for  wasting  time,  labor,  and  money  on  them,  while  it  increases 
also  the  returns  from  time  and  money  wisely  spent.  This 
treatment,  too,  will  differ  in  libraries  of  different  types.  In  those 
few  libraries  which  circulate  nothing  all  the  material  may  be 
bound  without  hindering  its  utmost  use,  while  circulating  libra- 
ries will  find  unbound  material  much  more  mobile  and  avail- 
able for  a  far  greater  number  of  separate  borrowers  and  purposes. 
The  various  kinds  of  material  are  treated  separately  below. 

PAMPHLETS 

Pamphlets  are  defined:  "A  printed  work  consisting  of 
sheets,  generally  few,  stitched  but  not  permanently  bound" 
{Standard  Dictionary);  "A  printed  work  consisting  of  a  few 
sheets  of  paper  stitched  together  but  not  bound"   {Century 


4  MANUAL  OF  LIBRARY  ECONOMY 

Dictionary);  "A  thin  limp  book"  (Cutter).  Most  libraries 
will  probably  agree  on  the  following  definition:  a  piece  of 
printed  matter  which  consists  of  more  than  two  printed  pages 
and  which  has  no  other  binding  than  the  pamphlet  itself  or  a 
paper  cover.  Strictly  construed,  this  will  include  all  unbound 
periodicals,  sequents,  and  parts  of  books  commonly  called 
continuations,  which  appear  from  time  to  time.  While  all 
unbound  periodicals  and  continuations  are  pamphlets,  they  are 
not  usually  so  considered,'  and  the  various  ways  of  treating  them, 
looking  toward  their  initial  recording  and  their  ultimate  form 
for  use,  are  so  well  recognized  that  they  need  not  be  dwelt  upon 
here.  Here,  again,  the  ideal  procedure  looks  toward  the  ulti- 
mate preservation  of  every  number  of  a  periodical  in  a  bound 
volume  to  form  part  of  a  set,  and  the  only  problem  the  separate 
parts  present  is  the  safest  care  and  the  easiest  use  during  the 
time  they  remain  unbound  awaiting  completion  of  the  volumes. 
There  have  been,  it  is  true,  sober  suggestions  of  "librisection,  "^ 
which  advocate  resolving  every  number  of  a  serial  into  its 
separate  articles  and  treating  each  one  fully  and  alone  as  to 
binding,  filing,  classification,  cataloging,  etc.,  but  such  schemes 
are  fanciful  rather  than  practical  in  any  but  libraries  on  very 
special  subjects,  handling  much  material  neither  indexed  nor 
likely  to  be.  Most  libraries,  however,  will  receive  currently  a 
good  many  periodicals  valuable  enough  to  accept  as  gifts, 
sometimes  even  to  pay  for,  perhaps  even  of  some  permanent 
value,  but  which  because  of  scanty  funds  or  for  other  reasons 
of  policy  they  will  not  plan  to  bind  at  all  or  in  permanent  and 
definitive  form;  many  of  them  will  not  even  be  long  kept.  For 
such  titles  it  is  imperative  that  the  current  periodical  check 
list  shall  show,  not  only  that  they  are  not  to  be  bound,  but 

'  Biscoe,  Pamphlets.  In  Papers  prepared  for  the  world's  library 
Congress.     1893,  pp.  826-35. 

'Public  libraries,  15:158,  186.  Independent,  67:1125-28,  November 
18,  1909.    Library  association  record,  17:540-47,  1915. 


PAMPHLETS  AND  MINOR  LIBRARY  MATERIAL         5 

exactly  what  is  to  be  done  with  the  numbers  at  the  end  of  the 
year  or  when  the  volume  is  complete.  They  may  be  kept  on 
the  permanent  shelves  indefinitely  unbound  (some  libraries 
keep  their  unbound  periodicals  in  an  alphabetic  file  by  titles), 
cut  up  for  the  clippings  file  or  picture  collection,  sent  to  the 
duplicate  collection,  or  to  hospitals  or  kindred  institutions. 

The  serials  and  other  continuations  having  thus  been 
disposed  of,  perhaps  the  true,  simon-pure  pamphlet  had  better 
be  defined  as  one  that  is  complete  in  itself  and  has  no  present 
or  prospective  relation  for  purposes  of  binding,  filing,  or  use 
with  any  other  pamphlet.  These  may  be  treated  in  several 
ways,  first  assuming  that,  on  receipt,  a  tentative  selection  has 
been  made  and  material  of  no  apparent  value  or  interest  to  the 
particular  library  has  been  discarded.  The  definitive  selection 
will  come  later  after  doubtful  pamphlets  have  been  given  a 
chance  to  prove  their  value.     They  will  at  first  be  either: 

(i)  Classified  and  filed  unbound  in  pamphlet  boxes,  cases,  or 
folders,  with  or  next  to  the  books  on  the  same  subjects.  If 
cataloged  at  all,  generally  only  an  author  card  would  be  made, 
the  classification  providing  reasonably  for  the  subject  side. 
When  enough  pamphlets  accumulate  bearing  the  same  class 
number,  they  are  considered  for  binding  in  a  "pamphlet 
volume."  The  criteria  which  influence  this  consideration 
will  vary  according  to  the  aim,  size,  policy,  etc.,  of  the 
library.  DupUcates  will  usually  be  weeded  out,  and  "sep- 
arates" from  serials  which  the  library  is  regularly  binding,  or 
at  any  rate  those  on  subjects  in  which  the  library  does  not 
distinctly  specialize,  will  usually  be  discarded,  as  well  as 
material  palpably  too  trivial  for  permanent  preservation 
(who  is  omniscient  enough  to  do  the  latter?). 

(2)  Classified,  perhaps  cataloged  by  authors,  and  filed  in  a 
separate  arrangement  apart  from,  though  as  near  as  possible 
to,  the  books  on  the  same  subjects.  Such  arrangement  may 
be  in  the  same  folders,  cases,  or  boxes  suggested  in  (i),  on 
separate  "pamphlet"  shelves, or  in  the  conventional  vertical 


6  MANUAL  OF  LIBRARY  ECONOMY 

file,  one  on  each  stack  level,  with  one  in  the  reference  room 
for  the  freshest  material.  The  vertical  file,  admirable  as 
it  is  for  temporary  care  of  strictly  fresh,  current  pamphlets 
is  too  clumsy  and  expensive  in  money  and  precious  floor  space 
to  be  seriously  considered  for  all  pamphlets  in  large  libraries. 
Its  use  is  away  from  the  desideratum  of  having  all  material 
on  the  same  subject  in  the  fewest  places.  Vertical  file  space 
can  be  conserved,  and  at  the  same  time  the  most  fugitive 
material  well  cared  for,  by  using  the  file  only  for  pamphlets 
of  not  over  four  pages,  for  clippings,  and  for  pictures. 
(3)  Each  pamphlet  may  be  bound  separately,  probably  in  a 
cheap  board  cover  of  suSicient  weight  and  permanence  to 
give  it  a  definitely  bound  appearance,  and  classified  and  as 
fully  cataloged  as  all  other  books,  taking  its  place  on  the 
regular  shelves.  There  are  no  reasons  save  those  of  economy 
for  treating  pamphlets  differently  from  books,  and  great 
libraries  are  never  thoroughly  equipped  for  research  so  long 
as  any  distinction  is  made  between  them. 

J.  I.  Wyer,  Jr. 

Bibliography 
COMPILED  BY  JENNIE  D.  FELLOWS 

1876    Cutter,  C.  A.     Preservation  of  pamphlets.    Library  journal, 
1:51-54,  November,  1876. 
For  discussion  of  the  paper,  see  pp.  101-6. 

1885  Mann,  B.  P.     Care  of  pamphlets.    Library  journal,  10:399- 

400,  December,  1885. 

1886  Homes,  H.  A.     Unbound  volumes  on  library  shelves.    Library 

journal,  11:214-16,  August-September,  1886. 

1887  Swift,   Lindsay.     Pamphlets  and   continuations  of  serials. 

Library  journal,  12:350-54,  September-October,  1887. 
1893     Biscoe,    W.    S.     Pamphlets.    Library    journal,    18:236-38, 
July,  1893. 

Practically  a  condensation  of  the  article  printed  in  American  Library 
Association,  Papers  prepared  for  its  annual  meeting,  1893  (also  published 


PAMPHLETS  AND  MINOR  LIBRARY  MATERIAL         7 

under   the   title   "Papers  prepared  for  the   World's  library  congress"), 
pp.  826-35. 

For  a  discussion  of  the  paper,  see  Library  journal,  i8:C66-67,  Sep- 
tember,  1893. 

1897  Thwaites,  R.  G.  Gathering  of  local  history  materials  by 
public  libraries.     Library  journal,  22:82,  February,  1897. 

1899  Foye,  C.  H.  Care  of  pamphlets.  Library  journal,  24:13- 
14,  January,  1899. 

1903  White,  W.  F.  New  Paltz  system  of  treating  pamphlets  and 
art  material.     Public  libraries,  8:301-6,  July,  1903. 

1906  Merrill,  W.  S.     Taking  care  of  pamphlets.     Public  libraries, 

11:502,  November,  1906. 

1907  Brown,    Zaidee.    What    to    do    with    pamphlets.    Library 

journal,  32:358-60,  August,  1907. 

1909  Cochrane,    J.    M.     Arranging   pamphlets.     Public    libraries, 

I4:254-5S>  July,  1909- 
American  Library  Association.     Papers  and  proceedings,  31: 
400-8,  1909. 

Tillinghast,  W.  H.  Treatment  of  pamphlets  in  Harvard  College 
Library,  pp.  400-3. 

Josephson,  A.  G.  S.  Treatment  of  pamphlets  in  John  Crerar  Library^ 
pp.  403-4- 

Hiss,  S.  K.  Treatment  of  ephemeral  material  in  the  public  library, 
pp.  404-8. 

Spofford,  A.  R.    Book  for  all  readers.     Pamphlet  literature, 
1909,  pp.  145-56. 

1910  Drury,  F.  K.  W.     On  protecting  pamphlets.     Library  journal, 

35:118-19,  March,  1910. 
Bowerman,  G.  F.     Some  notes  on  binding.     Library  journal, 

35:258-59,  June,  1910. 
Wilson,  L.  R.    A  satisfactory  method  of  arranging  pamphlets. 
Public  libraries,  15:278-79,  July,  1910. 
191 2     Brigham,  H.  O.     Indexing  and  care  of  pamphlets.     Library 

journal,  37:668-71,  December,  1912. 
1914    Flagg,  C.  A.    The  pamphlet  question.    Bulletin  of  Maine 
state  library,  October,  19 14. 


8  MANUAL  OF  LIBRARY  ECONOMY 

1916    Bailey,  A.   L.    Binding  pamphlets.    (In  his  Library  book- 
binding, pp.  205-8). 
Dickey,  P.  A.    The  care  of  pamphlets  and  clippings  in  libraries, 
pp.  28. 

CLIPPINGS 

Value. — From  the  days  of  the  first  scrapbook,  appreciation 
of  the  value  of  clippings  seems  steadily  to  have  grown.  News- 
paper men  early  saw  the  worth  of  an  up-to-date  file  of  informa- 
tion not  to  be  had  from  books,  and  the  first  "morgue"  was 
begun  in  Chicago  in  1869.  The  first  clippings  bureau  (Paris, 
1880)  gave  a  new  impetus  to  their  use,  and  in  1896  there  was 
issued  in  New  York  the  ^^  Clipping  Collector:  a  monthly  maga- 
zine devoted  to  the  collection  of  newspaper  clippings  for  pleasure 
and  profit,"  but  this  journal  was  short-lived.  Libraries  have 
long  recognized  the  value  of  clippings  in  reference  and  debate 
work  with  far  more  unanimity  than  they  have  the  best  methods 
of  caring  for  them  effectively.  Now  almost  every  progressive 
library  has  a  collection  in  some  form. 

Library  Treatment. — After  having  decided  the  important 
question  of  the  scope  of  the  collection  and  arranged  for  the 
regular  examination  of  duplicate  newspapers,  magazines, 
pamphlets,  etc.,  and  for  service  from  clippings  bureaus,  the 
more  puzzling  questions  present  themselves  of  preparation, 
classification,  arrangement,  and  care. 

Mounting. — Clippings  may  be  kept  unmounted  in  manila 
pockets,  folders,  or  envelopes,  using  preferably  one  for  each 
subject.  In  this  form  they  are  harder  to  keep  correctly  arranged 
and  to  use,  likelier  to  be  damaged  or  lost,  but  less  costly  to 
prepare  and  easier  to  mail.  It  is  difficult  to  predicate  permanent 
value  of  clippings,  but  whenever  such  value  seems  certain  they 
should  be  carefully  mounted  and  inclosed  in  a  binder.  Even 
for  temporary  use  some  libraries  mount  clippings  on  manila 
sheets,  8X10  inches,  leaving  margins  for  adding  date,  class 
number,  or  subject  heading. 


PAMPHLETS  AND  MINOR  LIBRARY  MATERIAL        9 

Arrangement. — Arrangement  will  depend  on  the  type  of 
library  to  be  served.  The  commonest  ways  are  an  alphabetic 
arrangement  by  subjects  and  a  classified  arrangement  like  that 
of  the  books  on  the  shelves.  For  a  public  library  or  any  small 
collection  of  clippings  the  alphabetic  arrangement,  being  self- 
indexing,  probably  is  easiest  for  both  patrons  and  assistants 
to  use.  The  Readers'  Guide  and  other  more  specialized  current 
periodical  indexes  are  helpful  in  choosing  subject  headings,  since 
they  deal  with  similar  material. 

The  advocates  of  a  classified  arrangement  believe  that  if  it 
is  best  to  classify  books,  it  is  no  less  helpful  to  arrange  other 
printed  material  in  the  same  way.  A  classified  arrangement 
facilitates  reference  from  shelves  to  files  and  allows  easy  transfer 
of  material  back  and  forth  between  shelves  and  clipping  files 
if  desired.  Clippings  often  require  closer  classification  than 
books,  and  any  system  of  classification  calls  for  a  subject  index. 
Special  libraries  have  sometimes  adopted  new  schemes  for 
classifying  pamphlets  and  clippings,  but  one  of  the  standard 
library  classifications  is  strongly  recommended.  The  dis- 
advantage of  attempting  to  work  out  a  special  classification  is 
set  forth  by  L.  B.  Krause  in  Engineering  Record,  p.  760, 
December,  191 5. 

Filing. — The  old,  unsatisfactory  way  of  keeping  miscel- 
laneous clippings  in  scrapbooks  has  been  almost  entirely  super- 
seded by  one  of  the  following  methods : 

(i)  Envelopes  arranged  in  boxes  or  drawers  as  a  separate  collec- 
tion. 

(2)  Pamphlet  boxes  arranged  with  the  books  on  the  shelves. 
This  method  has  the  advantage  of  keeping  all  material  on 
the  same  subject  together.  Unless  separate  boxes  are  used 
the  clippings  are  likely  to  be  crushed  among  the  pamphlets, 
though  this  can  be  avoided  by  putting  them  in  envelopes. 
To  care  for  such  a  collection  more  effectively  the  pamphlet 
boxes  are  sometimes  kept  in  one  place  and  arrangement 
instead  of  scattered  through  the  shelves  with  the  books. 


lo  MANUAL  OF  LIBRARY  ECONOMY 

(3)  Vertical  file  cases. 

With  a  labeled  manila  folder  for  each  subject,  heavy  guide 
cards  for  the  larger  divisions,  and  the  material  arranged 
chronologically  in  each  folder  to  facilitate  "weeding"  and 
to  make  easy  the  use  of  the  latest  cHppings,  the  vertical  file 
offers  one  of  the  most  satisfactory  methods  for  keeping  such 
material.  Cross-references  on  sheets  the  size  of  the  folders 
should  be  freely  inserted  in  the  file. 

Clippings  collections  may  be  "weeded  out"  as  considera- 
tions of  space  and  available  help  may  dictate,  though  where 
room  is  plenty  and  the  clippings  are  kept  carefully  arranged 
by  date  the  presence  of  older  material  does  not  interfere  with 
the  use  of  the  later.  A  description  of  the  method  of  "auto- 
matic weeding"  used  in  the  Newark  Public  Library  is  in 
Miss  McVety's  "The  vertical  file"  (see  bibliography). 

Circulation. — Clippings  are  usually  loaned  as  freely  as  books; 
some  libraries  keep  a  reference  collection  as  well  as  one  for 
lending.  The  "package  libraries"  now  so  widely  used  in 
university  extension  and  debate  work  are  largely  made  up  of 
clippings  and  pamphlets. 

Bibliography 

For  other  references  on  clippings,  see  H.  G.  T.  Cannons'  BibHog- 
raphy  of  library  economy,  1876-1909  (London,  1910),  p.  318;  Library 
work,  cumulated,  1905-11  (H.  W.  Wilson  Co.,  191 2),  p.  116,  and  sup- 
plementary material  in  the  monthly  numbers  of  the  Library  journal, 
January  1914-date,  under  section  Library  work. 

The  New  York  Public  Library  in  its  Municipal  reference  library 
notes,  2 :  14-45,  January  5,  1916,  has  a  "List  of  references  on  systems 
and  methods  of  ofiice  filing."  This  is  a  selected  list  of  articles  of 
more  recent  date,  covering  the  filing  of  ofl&ce  records,  drawings,  and 
various  material  including  clippings. 

1901     Carr,  H.  J.     Preservation  and  use  of  newspaper   chppings. 
Penn  Yan,  N.Y.,  1901.    pp.  20. 
Also  in  Library  journal,  26:872-73,  December,  1901. 


PAMPHLETS  AND  MINOR  LIBRARY  MATERIAL       ii 

1907     Ebersol,  C.  E.     Clippings,  the  system  and  index:    an  inex- 
pensive, simple,  unlimited  yet  accurate  newspaper  and 
magazine  clipping  system.     Ottawa,  111.,   1907.     News- 
paper clipping  CO. 
The  system  is  based  on  an  abridgment  of  the  "Decimal  classification." 

Part  2  of  the  book  consists  of  a  topical  index  of  100  pp. 

1909  How  to  keep  a  scrap-book.     Independent,  67:48-50,  July, 

1909. 
Foster,  P.  P.     Reference  libraries  for  busy  men.     Independent, 
67:1125-28,  November,  1909. 
The  advantages  of  a  vertical  file  system  described  by  the  librarian  of 
tlie  Editorial  reference  library  of  the  Youth's  companion. 

1 910  Dickinson,  A.  D.     Anti-librisection:    a  reply  to  Mr.  Foster. 

Public  libraries,  15:158-59,  April,  1910. 
McCollough,    E.    F.      Practice  versus  theory:    a   reply  to 
Mr.  Dickinson.     Public  libraries,  15:186-87,  May,  1910. 
Foster,    P.    P.     The    new    encyclopedia.     Public    libraries, 

15:236-37,  June,  1910. 
Ashley,  R.  E.   A  systematic  scrap-book.   Machinery,  1 7 :  205-7, 
November,  1910. 
An  engineer  describes  the  use  of  looseleaf  binders  for  preserving  clip- 
pings, prints,  sketches,  etc. 

191 1  Mahanna,  C.  G.     Filing  and  indexing  of  engineering  data. 

Machinery,  17:544,  March,  191 1. 
Describes  the  use  of  manila  envelopes  (6|  by  9^  inches)  for  holding 
clippings.     Asserts  the  superiority  of  actual  clippings  and  extracts  over 
references  to  periodicals. 

191 2  Hicks,  F.  C.     Newspaper  libraries:    Clippings.     Educational 

review,  44:179-87,  September,  1912. 
Describes  the  methods  used  in  the  "morgues"  of  several  large  news- 
papers. 

1913  Special    libraries    association.      Report   of    the    committee 

investigating  the  use  and  methods  of  handling  and  filing 
newspaper  clippings,  1913.     pp.  6. 
By  Jesse  Cunningham.     Also  in  Special  libraries,  4: 157-61,  September 
-October,  191 3. 


12  MANUAL  OF  LIBRARY  ECONOMY 

Luce,  Robert.    The  clipping  bureau  and  the  Hbrary.     Special 
hbraries,  4:152-57,  September-October,  1913. 
"An  exposition  of  the  methods  of  the  chpping  bureau  and  a  defense 
of  its  work." 

1915  McVety,  M.  A.,  and  M.  E.  Colegrove.    The  vertical  file. 

(Dana,  J.  C.     Modem  American  library  economy,  1915, 
V.  2,  pt.  18,  sec.  i). 
Includes  in  general  directions  "Preparation  of  clippings,"  pp.  18-19, 
29-32. 

Hasse,  A.  R.     A  practical  clipping  collection  for  a  public 
library.     Bulletin  of  the  New  Hampshire  public  libraries, 
New  ser.,  11:150-52,  December,  1915. 
Practical  and  full  of  inspiration  for  the  collector. 

1916  Hudders,    E.    R.     Clippings.     (In    his   Indexing   and   filing. 

1916.     pp.  143-45)- 
Minute  directions  as  to  mounting  and  filing. 

Florence  Woodworth 

broadsides 
The  best  dictionaries  agree  that  a  broadside  is  a  single  sheet 
of  paper  printed  on  one  side  only,  usually  without  arrangement 
in  columns.  No  limits  of  size  are  noted  or  recognized.  Hand- 
bills, ballads,  proclamations,  and  advertisements  are  among  the 
chief  forms.  Broadsides  were  first  collected  by  individuals, 
and  as  these  private  collections  came,  by  gift  or  purchase,  to 
libraries  it  became  necessary  to  give  thought  to  their  best  care. 
The  few  printed  accounts  agree  that  owing  to  the  cheap  paper 
most  often  used  for  a  confessedly  ephemeral  bit  of  print  and 
the  hard  usage  it  receives,  no  proper  care  can  stop  short  of 
mounting  each  item  (by  hinges,  not  by  pasting  it  down)  on 
heavy  paper  or  cardboard.  They  should  never  be  folded  or 
trimmed  no  matter  how  wide  the  margins.  When  mounted 
they  had  best  not  be  made  up  into  books,  but  rather  be  kept 
fiat  in  boxes  or  cases  opening  on  the  front.  Tipping  loose 
broadsides  into  guard-books  has  always  proved  unsatisfactory. 


PAMPHLETS  AND  MINOR  LIBRARY  MATERIAL       13 

PRINTS 

The  prime  functions  of  a  public  collection  of  prints  are  the 
preservation  of  representative  examples  of  the  reproductive 
graphic  arts  and  the  use  of  such  material  for  the  edification  and 
instruction  of  the  public.  Print  rooms  exist  both  independently 
and  as  departments  in  museums  and  libraries.  The  last  is  the 
case,  for  example,  in  London,  Paris,  Washington,  and  New  York. 
The  late  S.  P.  Avery,  on  presenting  his  collection  to  the  New 
York  Public  Library,  wrote:  "My  investigations  have  con- 
vinced me  that  great  libraries,  like  the  British  Museum,  the 
National  Library  of  Paris,  and  the  New  York  Public  Library, 
possess  the  best  facilities  for  accommodating  readers  and 
students."  And  the  late  Dr.  J.  S.  Billings  pointed  out  the 
advantages  of  such  a  combination  in  these  words:  "A  good 
representative  collection  of  prints  is  of  greatest  interest  and  use 
to  the  public  in  general  and  to  a  majority  of  those  specially 
interested  in  prints  in  particular,  if  it  exists  in  connection  with 
a  large  library.  In  the  library  it  can  be  closely  associated  with 
the  Hterature  of  art,  an  association  which  is  absolutely  necessary 
to  obtain  full  benefit  of  each;  and  it  is  also  available  for  the 
student  of  social  history,  of  the  manners,  customs,  costumes, 
etc.,  of  a  particular  people  or  person  in  connection  with  the 
literature  of  that  subject." 

To  fill  the  function  of  a  print  department  there  will  be  a 
print  room  for  the  use  of  students  and  an  exhibition  room  in 
which  prints  may  be  placed  before  a  larger  public.  The  educa- 
tional mission  will  be  especially  performed  by  exhibitions,  which 
by  fairly  frequent  change  and  by  diversity  of  art  or  subject 
illustrated  will  have  increased  eflfectiveness.  Loan  exhibits  will 
naturally  be  utilized.  If  literature  on  the  subject  is  shown  at 
the  same  time,  inducement  is  given  to  "read  up,"  especially 
if  some  handbooks  are  placed  where  visitors  can  examine  them, 
with  pencil  and  paper  at  hand  to  note  titles.  Topics  of  current 
interest  may  at  times  serve  as  reason  for  an  exhibit — say,  a 


14  MANUAL  OF  LIBRARY  ECONOMY 

Shakespeare  celebration,  or  the  death  of  a  noted  artist — but 
that  sort  of  thing  should  not  be  pursued  exclusively. 

The  print  department  of  a  large  library  naturally  will  be 
administered,  in  a  general  way,  according  to  library  methods. 
Prints  will  be  classified  and  catalogued,  as  are  books.  Cases 
or  portfolios  may  be  used  to  hold  prints;  in  some  collections 
the  portfolios  containing  the  smaller  sizes  of  prints  (properly 
mounted)  stand  upright  on  the  shelves;   the  larger  lie  flat. 

.Even  the  small  library  may  do  something  to  awaken  an 
interest  in  prints,  to  teach  its  constituents  something  of  the 
processes  by  which  prints  (whether  separate  or  in  books)  are 
produced,  to  lead  to  an  appreciation  of  their  charm. 

Beside  the  aesthetic  attraction,  prints,  like  all  pictures, 
have  a  strong  subject  interest  which  frequently  serves  the  reader 
in  search  of  pictorial  facts.  This  use  of  pictures  extends  also 
to  such  cheap  pictorial  matter  as  can  be  collected  and  classified 
at  an  expense  quite  slight  in  comparison  with  the  cost  of  "prints" 
proper. 

In  its  older  sense,  a  print  is  any  impression  made  on  paper, 
cloth,  or  other  surface  by  pressing  it  upon  an  inked  surface, 
usually  of  metal,  wood,  or  stone.  To  such  engravings,  etch- 
ings, and  lithographs  print  collections  proper  are  usually 
confined.  With  the  development  of  photography  and  the 
photo-mechanical  processes  of  illustration   the  term  "print" 

^came  to  include  reproductions  by  any  photographic  process. 

^Hf  hese  form  a  large  part  of  collections  of  pictures  classified  by 
^  subject.     Such  collections  are  briefly  treated  in  the  next  para- 
graph of  this  chapter.  _,  ..,. 
^    ^                     ^                               Frank  Weitenkampf 

Bibliography 

For  other  references,  see  H.  G.  T.  Cannons'  Bibliography  of 
library  economy,  1876-1909  (London,  1910),  pp.  274-79;  also 
references  under  the  heading  "Pictures"  in  Library  work,  cumulated, 
1905-11  (H.  W.  Wilson  Co.,  191 2),  pp.  308-11. 


PAMPHLETS  AND  MINOR  LIBRARY  MATERIAL       15 

GENERAL  (INCLUDING  METHODS) 

Dana,  J.  C.     Print-collections  in  small  libraries.     Print  collector's 
quarterly,  3:61-69,  February,  1913. 
The  collection  in  the  Newark  library  serves  as  an  illustration. 

Webb,   Arthur.     Prints   in   public   libraries.     Librarian,    3:443-47, 

July,  1913. 

Deals  only  with  pictorial  material  collected  for  its  subject  interest 
(e.g.,  locality,  event,  portrait,  etc.). 

Weitenkampf,  Frank.    How  to  appreciate  prints. 

Gives  many  practical  hints  on  the  identification  and  evaluation  of 
prints. 

Weitenkampf,  Frank.  Notes  on  the  cataloging  of  prints;  translated 
by  the  author  from  Museumskvmde,  bd.  2,  heft  2.  Library 
journal,  32:408-9,  September,  1907. 

Weitenkampf,  Frank.     Public  print  collections  in  the  United  States. 
Museumskunde,  10:108-10,  February,  1914. 
Also  reprinted. 

Weitenkampf,  Frank.  The  museum  and  the  small  library.  Art 
and  progress,  4:1069-72,  August,  19 13. 

Weitenkampf,  Frank.     The  problem  of  exhibitions  in  print  rooms. 
Museumskunde,  7:215-17,  November,  1911. 
Also  reprinted. 

SPECIAL  COLLECTIONS 

Dana,  J.  C.     (See  above.) 

Parsons,  A.  J.  The  division  of  prints  of  the  Library  of  Congress. 
Print  collector's  quarterly,  3:310-35,  October,  1913. 

Weitenkampf,  Frank.  The  print  collection  of  the  New  York  public 
library.     Print  collector's  quarterly,  1:457-63,  October,  1911. 

Among  other  publications  regarding  the  New  York  collections  are 
New  York  public  library,  "Handbook  of  the  S.  P.  Avery  Collection," 
1901,  and  "List  of  works  in  the  New  York  public  library  relating  to  prints 
and  their  production."  New  York  public  library  bulletin,  19:959-1002, 
December,  1915;   also  reprinted. 


1 6  MANUAL  OF  LIBRARY  ECONOMY 

PICTURES 

So  many  public  libraries,  large  and  small,  collect  pictures 
from  those  cut  from  duplicate  or  discarded  books,  newspapers, 
and  magazines,  and  from  the  many  marvelously  cheap  series 
of  postcards,  small  and  large  process  reproductions  and  photo- 
graphs, up  to  large  and  rather  expensive  wall  pictures,  that 
mention  of  such  material  seems  called  for  here.  The  reasons 
for  such  a  collection  and  the  guiding  principles  of  choosing  and 
buying  material  are  best  set  forth  by  Mr,  Cutter  (see  bibliog- 
raphy below  for  this  and  later  references).  Minute  and  careful 
account  of  how  one  library  organized  pictures  for  use  appears 
in  the  titles  by  Mr.  Dana  and  Miss  Gilson.  The  Newark 
pamphlets  and  the  Massachusetts  library  club  reference  also 
give  lists  of  materials  and  dealers.  A  careful  study  of  these 
and  the  other  titles  listed  below  will  show  how  pictures  are 
chosen,  procured,  and  used  today  in  those  American  libraries 
in  which  such  work  is  a  minor  and  not  the  major  interest. 
They  are  used  for  reference  work,  bulletins,  and  exhibits  within 
the  library,  and  are  lent  as  freely  as  books  to  schools,  clubs, 
institutions,  and  individuals,  sometimes  in  connection  with  the 
reference  or  circulation  department,  sometimes  from  a  separate 
art  room  or  department. 

Bibliography 
For    additional    titles    see    Cannons'    Bibliography    of    library 
economy,    1876-1909    (London,    1910),  p.   317,  and  Library  work, 
1905-11  (H.  W.  Wilson  Co.,  191 2),  pp.  308-11. 
1 901     Garland,  Caroline  H.     Pictures — in  a  modest  way.     Bulletin 

of  the  New  Hampshire  library  commission,  New  ser., 

V.  2,  pp.  109-11. 
1905     Cutter,  C.  A.     Notes  from  the  art  section  of  a  library  with 

hints  on  selection  and  buying.     (A.L.A.  Library  tract, 

No.  5).     pp.  22. 
191 1     Plan  of  the  picture  work;   the  Public  library  of  the  District 

of  Columbia.     PubUc  libraries,  16:212-13. 


PAMPHLETS  AND  MINOR  LIBRARY  MATERIAL       17 

191 2     Gilson,  M.  L.,  and  Dana,  J.  C.    Large  pictures,  educational 
and  decorative.     (Modem   American  library  economy, 
pt.  6,  sec.  i).    pp.  89. 
Details   their  uses  and  treatment  in  the  Newark  free  public  library. 

Lists  dealers,  catalogs,  and  some  of  the  pictures  used  at  Newark. 

191 5  Seward,  Leila  H.     Picture  work  for  the  small  library.    Library 

journal,  40:715-17. 

1916  Picture  collections  in  public  libraries.     Massachusetts  library 

club  bulletin,  July-October  1916,  pp.  59-67. 
Packed  with  facts,  hints,  and  suggestions  as  to  purchase,  organization, 
and  use  of  all  kinds  of  pictures. 

191 7  Dana,  J.  C,  and  Gardner,  Blanche.    The  picture  collection, 

revised,  pp.  96.     (Modern  American  library  economy.) 

Describes  acquisition,  care,  classification,  cataloging,  and  use  of  small 
pictures. 

MUSIC 

The  systematic  accumulation  of  music  scores  by  public 
libraries  in  general  is  of  comparatively  recent  origin.  Those 
libraries  which  have  had  gifts  of  music  or  of  money  for  the 
purchase  of  music  are  rapidly  leading  the  way  to  the  time  when 
music  will  be  considered  as  essential  a  part  of  the  library's 
resources  as  poetry  and  the  drama.  Soon  it  will  be  considered 
as  serious  a  lapse  for  a  library  to  lack  the  score  of  "The  well- 
tempered  clavichord"  or  of  "The  Meistersinger "  as  to  be 
without  The  Iliad  and  the  plays  of  Shakespeare. 

The  notable  collections  of  music  in  American  libraries,  as 
distinct  from  books  about  music,  are  in  the  Boston  Public 
Library,  the  Library  of  Congress,  the  Newberry  Library,  and 
the  Library  of  Yale  University.  For  details  about  these  and 
other  collections,  see  Johnston  and  Mudge,  "Special  collections 
in  libraries  in  the  United  States." 

Besides  these  great  collections  many  public  libraries,  large 
and  small,  in  recent  years  have  established  lending  collections 


1 8  MANUAL  OF  LIBRARY  ECONOMY 

of  scores,  vocal  and  instrumental  music,  and  in  some  cases  of 
perforated  music  rolls  for  use  in  mechanical  piano-players. 
Typical  collections  are  in  the  public  libraries  of  Chicago,  Los 
Angeles,  Louisville,  and  Brookline. 

The  selection  of  titles  for  such  collections  is  a  most  important 
matter.  It  should  be  done  by  one  with  expert  knowledge  and 
a  fine  critical  taste  in  music.  The  average  library  which  uses 
a  portion  of  its  book  fund  to  buy  music  can  scarcely  aim  at  a 
comprehensive  collection,  but  must  be  content  to  begin  with 
a  selection  of  the  best  music — that  which  will  be  of  lasting  value 
to  the  public,  especially  to  the  educated  musician  and  to  the 
student. 

Music  is  expensive  to  bind  and  to  catalog,  and  purchases 
should  be  made  with  a  clear  understanding  of  the  whole  expense 
involved  and  of  the  permanent  value  to  the  public  of  the  music 
bought.  To  buy  largely  of  unbound  sheet  music,  especially  by 
untried  composers  of  doubtful  talents,  entails  a  very  great 
expense,  with  uncertain  gain  to  the  library  or  the  public.  The 
works  of  the  great  masters  may  be  bought  in  good,  serviceable, 
inexpensive  editions,  often  well  bound.  These  are  within  the 
reach  of  the  small  library  and  should  form  the  basis  of  the  music 
collection.  Local  conditions  should  determine  the  scope  of  the 
collection.  Any  community,  however  small,  will  welcome  music 
for  the  piano  for  two  and  four  hands,  the  best  songs,  operas, 
and  oratorios.  Beyond  these  few  kinds  the  choice  is  infinite, 
and  must  vary  with  the  character  of  the  community  and  the 
resources  of  the  library.  There  are  few  lists  which  are  of  much 
help  for  the  small  library.  The  best  of  these  are  noted  in  the 
appended  bibliography. 

Music  more  than  almost  any  other  form  of  library  material 
suffers  if  not  properly  bound.  The  most  important  points  in 
its  care  are  the  binding,  including  some  provision  for  charging 
it  if  loaned,  and  such  cataloging  or  indexing  of  it  as  will  make  its 
separate  pieces  as  freely  available  as  the  books  in  a  library.     A 


PAMPHLETS  AND  MINOR  LIBRARY  MATERIAL       19 

few  libraries  have  remote  or  soundproof  rooms  equipped  with 
different  instruments  where  the  music  may  be  tried  before 
borrowing.  It  is  impossible  in  the  brief  limits  of  this  chapter 
to  go  into  details  in  these  matters,  but  recent  articles  on  each 
of  these  points  appear  in  the  bibliography,  to  which  those 
interested  must  refer.  A  few  words  may  be  said,  however, 
as  to  the  binding  and  care  of  the  music  collection.  Bindings 
for  scores  which  are  to  circulate  should  be  as  light  in  weight  as 
is  compatible  with  a  fair  amount  of  strength.  It  is  of  greater 
importance  that  the  binding  should  be  serviceable  than  per- 
manently durable.  A  light-weight  cloth  is  recommended, 
with  boards  of  medium  weight.  The  music  should  open  flat 
on  the  music  rack.  Few  libraries  can  afford  to  bind  all  their 
music,  however,  and  for  less  expensive  treatment  cloth-covered 
boxes  such  as  are  used  in  music  stores  for  stock  will  be  found 
excellent.  The  scores  may  be  sewed  in  manila  covers,  using 
gummed  cloth  in  the  center  of  every  signature.  As  many 
as  four  signatures  may  be  sewed  into  one  cover  in  this  way. 
This  fashion  will  serve  for  music  such  as  that  for  violin  and 
piano,  or  for  any  combination  of  stringed  and  other  instruments. 
The  light  weight  of  these  covers  is  essential  for  any  music  to  be 
used  on  the  ordinary  rack  such  as  violinists  use.  The  size  and 
shape  of  music  scores  make  it  imperative  to  shelve  them  apart 
from  the  books  about  music,  and  on  shelves  especially  built  for 
the  purpose,  fixed,  and  with  vertical  divisions  at  frequent 
intervals. 

The  beginner  is  warned  against  adopting  any  printed  form 
of  classification  without  first  making  a  careful  study  of  some 
well-ordered  collection  of  music  within  his  reach.  He  should 
also  try  to  decide  as  to  the  ultimate  scope  and  purpose  of  his 
own  collection. 

A  class  list  on  cards,  apart  from  the  main  card  catalog,  will 
be  found  essential,  but  the  main  catalog  should  contain  the 
composer  and  title  cards. 


20  MANUAL  OF  LIBRARY  ECONOMY 

Bibliography 
For  other  references  on  music,  see  Cannons'  Bibliography  of 
library  economy,  1876-1909  (London,  1910),  p.  314,  and  Library 
work,  cumulated,  1905-11  (H.  W.  Wilson  Co.,  1912),  pp.  290-91. 
For  supplementary  material,  see  monthly  numbers  of  the  Library 
journal,  January,  1914-date,  under  section  Library  work. 

1908  Sonneck,  O.  G.     Music  division  of  the  Library  of  Congress. 

Music  teachers'  national  association,  Pap)ers  and  pro- 
ceedings, 30:260-87,  1908. 
An  account  of  the  methods  and  policies  adopted  for  a  large  collection. 

For  later  development,  see  Symposium  on  music  in  libraries,  Library  journal, 

40:587-89,  August,  1915. 

1909  Hooper,  L.  M.     Selected  list  of  music  and  books  about  music 

for  pubUc  Ubraries.     American  library  association  pub- 
lishing board.     Chicago,  1909,  pp.  46. 
Contains  "Classification  for  music  with  Decimal  notation  used  in  the 
Brookline  public  library,"  also  "Subject  headings."     For  smaller  collections. 

1914  Riddle,  Charles.     Music  in  public  libraries,  with  special  notes 

on  the  "John  B.  M.  Camm   music   reference  library," 
and  a  comparison  of  the  classifications  of  music.     Library 
association  record,  16:1-10,  January,  1914. 
Abstract  in  Library  journal,  39:334-35,  April,  1914. 

1915  Library  journal,  Music  number,  40:561-94,  August,  1915. 

Contents 
Symposium  on  music  in  libraries. 

This  includes  descriptions  of  the  collections  in  the  following  twelve 
public  libraries  in  the  United  States: 

Bancroft  memorial  library,  Hartford,  Conn. 

Hopedale,  Mass.  Haverhill,  Mass. 

Brookline,  Mass.  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Brooklyn,  N.Y.  Morrison-Reeves    library,    Rich- 

Evanston,  111.  mond,  Ind. 

Forbes  library,  Northampton,      St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Mass.  St.  Paul,  Minn. 

Gary,  Ind. 
Kinkeldey.     American  music  catalogs. 
Bowker.    Music  selection  for  public  libraries. 


PAMPHLETS  AND  MINOR  LIBRARY  MATERIAL       21 

Goldberg.    Treatment  of  music  in  Chicago's  new  music  room. 
Rambler.     Embossed  music  for  the  blind. 
Sonneck.     Music  division  of  the  Library  of  Congress. 
Kinkeldey.     The  New  York  public  library  and  its  music  division. 
Duncan.     Music  in  the  Boston  public  library. 
1916     Wigginton,  M.  W.     A  new  music  index.     Library  journal, 
41:323-25,  May,  1916. 

BOOKPLATES 

In  America  the  general  interest  in  bookplates,  which  began 
possibly  less  than  thirty  years  ago,  has  of  late  increased  very 
rapidly.  While  as  yet  comparatively  few  American  libraries 
have  attempted  to  make  special  collections  of  bookplates,  it 
seems  probable  that  in  the  future  the  practice  will  become  more 
common,  for  as  soon  as  a  library  feels  the  need  of  a  more  artistic 
bookplate,  perhaps  for  valuable  bequests  or  gifts,  it  naturally 
gathers  specimens  of  such  plates,  and  these  are  likely  to  attract 
gifts  of  single  plates  and  even  of  considerable  private  collections. 

The  largest  collection  of  bookplates  is  that  in  the  British 
Museum,  numbering  200,000.  This  includes  the  70,000  plates 
bequeathed  by  Sir  Augustus  Wollaston  Franks  in  1897,  and  also 
many  specimens  preserved  on  the  covers  of  books  to  which  they 
were  originally  attached.  Many  American  libraries  might 
well  begin  their  collections  by  listing  the  interesting  plates  to 
be  found  in  the  books  already  on  their  shelves. 

Bookplates  may  be  regarded  as  one  phase  of  a  print  col- 
lection, where  the  emphasis  is  laid  on  the  engraver  or  artist 
rather  than  on  the  owner;  e.g.,  the  New  York  Public  Library 
has  in  its  Art  and  Prints  division  a  nearly  complete  set  of  the 
bookplates  by  E.  D.  French. 

When  a  library  has  gathered  even  a  few  bookplates,  it 
should  adopt  some  uniform  plan  for  their  care  and  arrangement. 
For  such  a  plan  the  following  suggestions  are  made: 

Mount  bookplates  singly  on  sheets  of  uniform  size  and 
color  and  of  at  least  medium  weight;    e.g.,  use  sheets  of  the 


22  MANUAL  OF  LIBRARY  ECONOMY 

standard  8X  lo  inches,  of  cream  white  or  some  other  light  shade, 
(as  light  brown)  on  which  typewriting  will  show  clearly,  and 
of  a  weight  sufficient  to  stand  in  a  file  without  bending.  The 
heading  by  which  the  sheet  is  to  be  filed  should  be  written  at 
the  top.  Below  the  plate  may  be  added  explanatory  notes  and 
references  to  descriptions  of  the  plate,  etc. 

Mount  the  plate  a  little  above  the  center  of  the  sheet.  Use 
hinges  of  onion-skin  paper  about  f  X|  inch  and  attach  them 
with  a  smooth  paste.  Never  paste  the  plate  directly  on  the 
mount,  as  it  is  often  desirable  to  substitute  a  better  copy. 

The  arrangement  of  bookplates  depends  upon  the  size  of 
the  collection  and  the  object  the  collector  has  in  view;  e.g., 
they  may  be  arranged  either  by  owners,  artists,  countries, 
styles,  periods,  or  special  varieties — as  college  bookplates, 
children's  bookplates,  etc.  The  easiest  to  make  and  the  easiest 
to  use  is  an  arrangement  by  owners,  but  this  will  probably  need 
to  be  supplemented  by  indexes,  of  at  least  the  important  plates, 
in  a  variety  of  different  groupings  as  noted  above.  If  the 
plates  are  divided  into  special  collections,  an  index  by  owners 
is  necessary.  If  only  a  few  special  groups  are  taken  out  from 
the  general  "Owner"  collection,  sheets  may  be  inserted  in  the 
"Owner"  group  referring  to  the  special  collection  in  which  the 
plate  may  be  found;  in  the  same  way  references  may  be  made 
for  plates  in  bound  volumes  on  the  library  shelves. 

Small  collections  may  be  kept  in  a  drawer  or  in  pamphlet 
boxes,  larger  collections  in  a  vertical  file,  separated  into  smaller 
divisions  by  folders  and  guides. 

For  other  suggestions  as  to  care  and  arrangement,  see  the 
following : 

1893     Castle,     Egerton.     Arrangement     of     bookplates.     (In     his 
English  bookplates.     1893.     pp.  318-23.) 

1896     Hamilton,  Walter.     Identification  and  classification.     (In  his 
French  bookplates.     1896.     pp.  21-38.) 
Contains  notes  on  the  repairing  and  identification  of  bookplates. 


PAMPHLETS  AND  MINOR  LIBRARY  MATERIAL       23 

1 901  Blackwell,  Henry.  Study  and  arrangement  of  bookplates. 
(In  Bowdoin,  W.  G.  Rise  of  the  bookplate.  1901.  pp. 
9-1 1.) 
Leiningen-Westerburg,  K.  E.  graf  zu.  Arrangement  of  a 
collection.  (In  his  German  bookplates.  1901.  pp. 
493-95-) 

1903  Dixson,  Mrs.  Z.  A.  Classification  and  arrangement;  Some 
institutions  and  individuals  making  collections  of  book- 
plates. (In  her  Concerning  bookplates.  1903.  pp. 
141-66,  175-201.) 

The  list  of  collections  includes  a  note  of  subcollections  and  the  general 
plan  of  arrangement. 

For  a  comprehensive  Ust  of  books  about  bookplates,  see  Winward 
Prescott's  "Check  Ust  of  bookplate  literature"  in  H.  P.  Ward's 
"Some  American  college  bookplates"  (191 5),  pp.  401-57.  This  is  a 
slightly  enlarged  edition  of  his  "  BibHography  of  bookplate  literature, " 
pubUshed  separately  in  1914.  For  a  briefer  Ust,  see  New  York  public 
Ubrary  bulletin,  December,  191 5,  pp.  968-72. 

Florence  Woodworth 

MAPS 

Maps  and  Atlases. — In  every  library  are  to  be  found  some 
maps,  though  in  the  small  libraries  they  may  be  practically 
limited  to  those  found  in  atlases,  cyclopedias,  works  of  history 
and  travel,  a  few  wall  maps,  and  possibly  a  local  directory. 
The  five  common  ways  of  map  issue,  as  given  by  Mr.  Drury 
(see  bibliography),  are: 

1  Atlases — maps  bound  in  books. 

2  Pocket  maps — folded  for  pocket  use. 

3  Roller  maps — mounted  for  waU  display. 

4  Globes — pasted  on  revolving  spheres. 

5  Sheet  maps — loose  in  sheet  form. 

For  completeness  we  may  add: 

6  Maps  forming  part  of  a  book  or  periodical,  folded,  pasted  by  one 

edge,  or  placed  in  a  pocket  in  the  cover. 


24  MANUAL  OF  LIBRARY  ECONOMY 

Forms  i,  2,  and  6  are  those  of  books,  the  ordinary  library 
material,  and,  therefore,  if  kept  in  the  form  in  which  they  are 
issued,  furnish  no  different  problem  as  to  their  care.  Globes 
are  so  unusual  in  libraries  as  to  call  for  no  comment.  The 
question  presented  therefore  resolves  into  this — What  roller 
maps  and  sheet  maps  shall  the  library  try  to  procure  and  how 
shall  it  care  for  them  ?  For  any  given  library  the  answer  must 
necessarily  take  account  of  the  value  to  that  library  of  the 
various  maps  published,  their  cost,  and  the  expense  of  caring 
for  them. 

Value. — The  use  of  maps  for  reference  work  in  libraries  is 
essential  in  the  varied  fields  of  history  and  geography — political, 
physical,  and  economic — especially  is  the  growing  use  of 
graphic  representation  by  teachers  of  these  subjects  in  schools 
and  colleges  making  increased  demands  upon  the  library  for 
the  best  maps  and  for  methods  that  shall  make  them  readily 
available.  Another  demand  comes  from  the  business  man, 
traveler,  or  automobile  owner  who  wants  to  know  about  the 
railroads,  electric  lines,  improved  highways,  post-offices, 
natural  features,  or  products,  etc.,  of  some  section  of  this  or 
another  country. 

Acquisition. — The  classes  of  printed  books  already  referred 
to  contain  a  wealth  of  cartographic  material  not  generally 
recognized.  Selection  of  roller  and  sheet  maps  should  be  made 
with  a  view  to  supplementing  these  maps  which  are  thus  avail- 
able and  to  bring  them  up  to  date.  The  advertising  matter 
issued  by  railroads,  summer  resorts,  insurance  companies,  etc., 
often  furnishes  very  useful  maps,  which  may  be  had  for  the 
asking  and  which  are  sometimes  of  high  quality.  Lists  of  (i) 
helps  in  the  selection  of  maps,  (2)  inexpensive  and  useful  general 
maps  (many  of  them  published  by  the  United  States  govern- 
ment), (3)  local  maps  of  New  Jersey  and  Newark  (useful  to 
other  localities  for  suggestions  as  to  the  kind  of  material  that 
may  be  obtained)  are  given  by  Miss  Ball  (see  bibliography). 


PAMPHLETS  AND  MINOR  LIBRARY  MATERIAL       25 

Roller  Maps. — Except  to  a  very  limited  extent,  roller  maps 
cannot  be  displayed  on  the  walls  of  the  library  for  want  of  room. 
They  may,  however,  be  placed  on  spring  rollers,  and  a  number 
of  these  spring  rollers  hung  on  the  under  side  of  a  platform  built 
at  a  suitable  height  so  that  any  one  of  the  maps  so  placed  may 
be  pulled  down  and  examined  without  being  taken  to  a  desk  or 
table.  The  Jenkins  revolving  rack  is  another  practical  device 
by  which  as  many  as  30  large  maps  may  be  fastened  by  their 
upper  edges  to  the  surface  of  a  cylinder,  and  any  one  of  them 
brought  to  view  by  the  proper  rotation  of  the  cylinder.  Small 
maps  may  be  mounted  together  and  over  150  of  the  U.S. 
topographic  sheets  may  be  placed  on  one  of  these  map  racks. 
Roller  maps  which  cannot  be  displayed  in  either  of  these  ways 
are  generally  kept  in  rolled  form,  numbered,  and  labeled  with 
sufficient  fulness  for  identification;  they  may  be  suspended 
from  hooks  in  the  ceiling  or  overhead  platform  by  means  of 
screw  eyes  in  the  ends  of  the  sticks  on  which  they  are  rolled; 
they  may  be  stored  in  wall  cases  provided  with  racks  to  hold 
them  vertically  or  horizontally;  or  they  may  be  placed  in  long 
shallow  drawers.  An  alternative  to  these  methods  is  to  elimi- 
nate roller  maps  entirely  by  cutting  them  into  suitable  sections, 
mounting  them  with  sufficient  space  between  the  sections  for 
folding,  and  treating  them  in  all  respects  as  sheet  maps. 

Sheet  Maps. — These  are  much  more  numerous  than  roller 
maps  and  the  great  majority  of  them  are  of  smaller  size. 
Devices  for  handling  are  very  numerous,  but  may  be  divided 
into  three  classes: 

1  Folding  and  binding  them  so  as  to  treat  them  as  books. 

2  Treating  them  as  roller  maps. 

3  Filing  them  flat,  usually  with  not  more  than  a  single  fold — (o) 
vertically,  or  {b)  horizontally. 

The  first  method,  eliminating  both  roller  and  sheet  as  a 
distinct  class  of  library  material,  has  been  adopted  by  the 
Indiana  State  Library,  whose  procedure  may  be  taken  as  typical. 


26  MANUAL  OF  LIBRARY  ECONOMY 

The  maps  of  "real  value"  are  dissected  to  a  size  not  less  than 
6X8  inches  and  not  more  than  9X11  inches,  mounted,  folded, 
and  fastened  into  covers  of  muslin-covered  boards.  These  book- 
maps  are  then  plated  and  labeled  like  ordinary  books  and  filed 
in  pamphlet  boxes,  four  to  six  in  a  box.  Maps  of  less  impor- 
tance, comprising  such  groups  as  harbor  maps,  canal  maps,  etc., 
are  bound  flat  in  stencil-board  covers  not  larger  than  2X3  feet, 
the  maps  being  folded  when  necessary  and  the  fold  guarded  by 
a  wide  strip.  Small  maps  fitting  the  pamphlet  boxes  when 
folded  once  are  mounted  in  the  library  and  fastened  into  manila 
covers  which  are  covered  on  the  back  by  a  strip  of  cloth  to  give 
them  a  greater  similarity  to  the  book-maps. 

Treating  sheet  maps  as  roller  maps  involves  mounting  them 
on  cloth  if  they  are  to  be  much  handled,  and  is  desirable  only 
where  they  are  to  be  placed  on  spring  rollers  for  frequent  use 
or  are  to  be  used  as  wall  maps. 

Vertical  filing  has  been  used  for  sheet  maps  to  a  considerable 
extent.  Because  of  the  large  and  varying  size  of  the  individual 
maps  there  is  a  tendency  for  them  to  collect  in  a  disorganized 
mass  in  the  bottom  of  the  file  unless  held  up  in  some  way. 
Pulp  board,  cut  27X38  inches,  with  the  maps  pasted  down  along 
the  upper  edge  only  and  with  vertical  partitions  about  6  inches 
apart,  has  proved  a  practical  arrangement.  A  variation  of  this 
(perhaps  better  to  be  described  as  a  pigeonhole  arrangement) 
has  been  used  by  the  Newark  Public  Library  and  others  for 
series  of  maps  of  uniform  size,  such  as  the  U.S.  topographic 
sheets;  these  sheets,  mounted  on  pulp  board  18X22  inches,  may 
be  placed  in  a  case  with  narrow  compartments  deep  enough 
(front  to  back)  and  high  enough  to  hold  the  pulp  boards;  an 
advantage  is  that  several  such  cases  may  be  placed  one  above 
the  other,  as  the  opening  is  in  front  instead  of  on  top,  without 
requiring  that  any  heavy  drawer  be  pulled  out.  For  miscel- 
laneous maps  which  have  only  temporary  use  large  envelopes 


PAMPHLETS  AND  MINOR  LIBRARY  MATERIAL       27 

marked  with  the  class  number  only  may  well  be  used  and 
arranged  in  a  vertical  file. 

Flat  filing  is  usually  in  drawers  or  sliding  shelves;  the 
individual  map  may  be  placed  in  a  manila  folder,  or  a  group  of 
maps,  not  to  exceed  20,  may  be  placed  in  such  a  folder.  To 
avoid  folding  the  maps,  or  to  reduce  such  folding  to  the  mini- 
mum, such  drawers  should  be  large  enough  to  take  all  but  the 
most  unusual  with  but  a  single  fold.  It  is  well  to  have  some 
drawers  as  large  as  40X30  inches;  smaller  maps  may  be  placed 
in  two  piles  in  a  drawer  of  this  size  or  we  may  use  for  the  major- 
ity of  our  maps  a  drawer  30X20  inches.  The  greatest  number 
of  maps  to  be  placed  one  above  the  other  should  not  exceed  100, 
and  this  number  will  be  materially  less  if  each  map  is  in  a 
separate  manila  folder ;  the  drawers  should  therefore  be  shallow 
and  two  inches  outside  measurement  may  well  be  taken  as 
standard.  Instead  of  drawers  various  libraries  use  large  cloth- 
covered  boxes,  40X30X2  inches,  filed  horizontally  one  to  a  shelf; 
the  top  of  this  box  is  hinged  six  inches  from  the  front,  with  a  lip 
coming  down  over  the  front  and  ends,  and  the  front  drops  down 
when  the  cover  is  lifted.  Such  boxes  may  be  filed  on  shelves 
of  proper  length  and  width,  and  if  not  more  than  eight  shelves 
high,  the  top  of  the  case  will  furnish  a  table  for  consulting  the 
maps  and  save  the  inconvenience  of  carrying  box  or  map  to 
some  other  part  of  the  library. 

Classification  and  Cataloging. — Special  series  of  maps,  like 
the  U.S.  topographic  sheets,  are  naturally  best  kept  together; 
the  particular  series  may  be  arranged  (i)  by  states,  and  (2) 
alphabetically  by  the  names  of  the  quadrangles  or  numerically 
according  to  a  scheme  to  be  indicated  on  the  index  for  the  state. 
The  general  collection  should  be  arranged  according  to  the 
classification  which  is  used  for  the  books  in  the  library.  For  the 
catalog  of  maps  the  subject  (area  mapped)  is  more  important 
than  author,  and  for  most  libraries  the  latter  may  well  be 


28  MANUAL  OF  LIBRARY  ECONOMY 

dispensed  with  in  the  case  of  most  maps,  or  reduced  to  a  cross- 
reference.  A  brief  code  of  rules  suitable  to  a  moderate-sized 
library  is  given  by  Miss  Winser  (see  below).  We  prefer,  how- 
ever, to  give  the  size  of  maps  as  height  by  width,  thus  following 
Cutter's  Rules,  no.  280  and  p.  141,  the  Library  of  Congress, 
and  the  American  geographical  society. 

Bibliography 
For   other    references,    see    Cannons'    Bibliography   of   library 
economy,  1876-1909  (London,  1910),  p.  313,  and  bibliographies  of 
Drury  and  Briggs  (below). 

1901     U.S.  Library  of  Congress.    Annual  report,  1901,  pp.  263-66. 

1903     Hubbard,  Anna   G.     Cataloging  and  preservation  of  maps 

in  Indiana  State  library.     National  association  of  State 

libraries.     Proceedings  and  addresses,  6:27-30,  1903. 

Full  abstract  in  Library  journal,  28:610-11,  August,  1903,  and  Public 

libraries,   8:375,   October,    1903.     Correction   in   Public  libraries,   9:13, 

January,  1904, 

1905    Letts,  Thomas.     Maps:    handling,   classifying,   cataloguing. 

Eighth  international  geographic  congress,  1904.     Report, 

pp.  803-8,  Washington,   1905.     House  document,   58th 

Congress,  3d  session,  no.  460. 

With  slight  changes  the  same  article  apf>eared  in  the  Bulletin  of  the 

American  geographical  society,  August,  1905. 

1908    Drury,  F.  K.  W.     Care  of  maps.    A.L.A.  bulletin,  2:347-55, 
September,  1908. 

191 1  Jackson,  C.  P.     Maps:    their  value,  provision,  and  storage. 

Library  assistant,  8:184-90,  October,  1911. 

1912  Briggs,  Walter  B.     Maps:  their  value  and  availability.     New 

York  libraries,  3:59-61,  January,  191 2. 

1914  Storage  of  maps.    Library  journal,  39:936,  December,  1914. 

1915     Library  journal,  40:75,  January,  1915. 

These  two  articles  refer  to  the  treatment  of  U.S.  topographic  sheets 
and  coast-survey  charts  in  the  libraries  of  the  American  society  of  civil 
engineers  in  New  York  City  and  the  coast  artillery  school  at  Fortress 
Monroe. 


PAMPHLETS  AND  MINOR  LIBRARY  MATERIAL       29 

Ball,  Sarah  B.     Maps,  atlases,  and  geographical  publications. 

1915.     pp.  46.     (Modern    American    library    economy 

V.  2,  pt.  17.) 

Their  acquisition,  treatment,  and  use  in  the  Newark  Public  Library. 

Valuable  lists  of  helps  in  finding  maps,  of  inexpensive  maps,  and  of  publishers 

of  maps  and  atlases. 

U.S.  Library  of  Congress.     Notes  on  the  cataloging,  care,  and 
classification  of  maps  and  atlases  .  .  .  .  by  P.  L.  Phillips, 
chief.  Division  of  maps  and  charts,  191 5.     pp.  20. 
"These  'Notes,'  originally  contributed  to  the  fourth  edition  of  Charles 
A.  Cutter's  'Rules  for  a  dictionary  catalog,'  have  since  been  amplified;  and 
as  they  describe  the  methods  in  vogue  and  the  experience  gained  in  con- 
nection with  one  of  the  largest  existing  collections  of  such  material,  well 
equipped,  fully  classified,  and  for  the  most  part  cataloged,  they  may  prove 
serviceable  to  other  institutions  with  similar  problems."     PreJ. 
Furnished  to  libraries  on  request. 

1916     Winser,  Beatrice.     Making  maps  available.     A.L.A.  bulletin, 
10:245-48,  July,  1916. 

A  condensed  statement  of  the  Newark  practice  in  getting,  arranging, 
storing,  lending,  and  cataloging  maps. 

Peter  Nelson 


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Guide  to  reference  books.     Edited  by  Alice  B.  Kroeger.     Revised 

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enlarged  edition.    Cloth,  $1.25. 
Hints  to  small  libraries.    By  Mary  W.  Plummer.    Cloth,  75  cents. 
Brief  guide  to  the  literature  of  Shakespeare.    By  H.  H.  B.  Meyer. 

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Subject  headings  for  use  in  dictionary  catalogs  of  juvenile  books. 

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